Biomarkers are important in the evaluation of risk of developing various disease, including cancer, both at individual or at population level. For certain risk agents, there can exist biomarkers helping to evaluate the accurate amount of exposure. For example, for people accidentally exposed to ionizing radiations the measurements of dicentric chromosomes in peripheral blood lymphocytes can be a good proxy for evaluating the amount of radiations absorbed individually. However, for most of types of exposure this is not the case. Moreover, in most cases, even when the exposure is measured with precision, it is difficult to evaluate the risk of developing specific tumors. Only large studies on exposed people can provide statistical evaluation on the risk, but different studies could provide different results. Thus, this is the reason of why often regulatory agencies (like EPA, EFSA, IARC, etc..) adjust the minimal recommended doses for people who are exposed. In summary, in order to provide the best risk assessments, there is the need of scientists with the appropriate expertise who will evaluate published studies and will carefully interpret the results of biomarkers analysis in specific situations. Biomarkers can provide hints on (1) a past or present exposure to genotoxicants/carcinogens (exposure markers, EM), (2) an ongoing genetic damage (genetic damage markers, GDM), (3) varied individual sensitivity to the contaminants (genetic susceptibility markers GSM), and (4) the development of cancer at the earliest stage (early-diagnostic markers, EDM).
The experts, by evaluating all these information, could provide some help in determining (both at individual or at population level) whether the doses handled by humans/animals under specific conditions are dangerous or safe.
Expertise description
In most cases, the available EM, GDM, GSM, and EDM are not specific or sensitive enough to provide a direct assessment of the individual risk level. Rather, they can offer a help in stratifying people for their risk, under the guide of an expert evaluatioN